Conversation structure
The stages of the conversation are not strictly limited; each of them can gradually move into the next one or be planned:
Introductory part. Plays a role in creating an atmosphere of conversation and creating an appropriate mood for the interlocutor
It is necessary to indicate the importance of the respondent’s participation in the conversation, arouse his interest, and communicate the goals of the results. In addition, you need to indicate the time of testing, whether the survey will be the only one with this person, and mention the guarantee of confidentiality. Second phase
Identification of questions that elicit maximum free expression from the interlocutor on a given topic. Third stage. Its task is to conduct a detailed study of the issues under discussion by moving from general to specific issues. The most difficult and active stage is the culmination of the conversation, during which the psychologist must listen, observe, ask questions, maintaining the conversation in the right direction. The final stage. Attempts are made to ease tension and express gratitude for participation.
Excerpt from the text
Psychology has long become an independent science in our time. Psychology methods are research methods that will help uncover psychological problems and begin their correction in a timely manner. Methods of psychology are techniques and means by which scientists obtain reliable information, which is then used to build scientific theories and develop practical recommendations.
Child psychology is one of the subsections of general psychology. A branch of developmental psychology devoted to the study of the patterns of mental development of a child. The main subject of analysis is the driving causes and conditions of the ontogenetic development of individual mental processes, including the formation of various types of child activity.
The methods of child psychology and developmental psychology have something in common, but the methods of child psychology have a number of specific principles and ways of organizing the research itself.
The relevance of the topic of our research lies in the fact that in our time much attention is paid to child psychology, since children are the key to our future. The fragility and vulnerability of a child’s soul obliges us to monitor all stages of the child’s development much more carefully and closely in order to promptly identify their peculiarities and deviations.
Timely identification of problems in child psychology helps to prevent and correct possible problems in adulthood. This means that thanks to this, the younger generation will be more psychologically healthy.
In the course of our research, we will consider such a method of child psychology as conversation. At first glance, it may seem that conversation cannot be a tool in psychology. However, a well-structured conversation helps to obtain a large amount of information about the child, and during the conversation it is possible to identify the characteristics of not only his mental state, but also to identify the probable causes of it.
Hill (1986) identifies five types of interpretation:
1. Establishing connections between seemingly separate statements, problems or events. For example, to a client who talks about fear of public speaking, low self-esteem and difficulties in relationships with other people, the consultant points out the interconnection of problems and the influence of the client’s inadequate expectations and claims on their occurrence.
2. Emphasizing any features of the client’s behavior or feelings. A client, for example, constantly refuses to work, although he expresses a desire to work. The counselor might tell him, “You seem to be excited about the opportunity, but when you encounter inevitable difficulties, you run away.”
3. Interpretation of methods of psychological defense, reactions of resistance and transference. In the above example, a possible interpretation is: “Judging by our conversation, running away is a way for you to deal with the fear of failure.” Thus, psychological defense (escape) from anxiety (fear of failure) is interpreted here. Transference interpretation is a fundamental technique in psychoanalytic treatment. They try to show the client that his past relationship (usually with his father or mother) prevents him from correctly perceiving the feelings and behavior of the consultant.
4. Linking current events, thoughts and experiences with the past. In other words, the consultant helps the client to see the connection between current problems and conflicts with previous psychological traumas.
5. Giving the client another opportunity to understand his feelings, behavior or problems.
In almost all of the listed types of interpretations, the moment of explanation is obvious, i.e. The essence of interpretation is to make the incomprehensible understandable. Let us give as an example an explanation to a client of the concept of “agoraphobia” (Storr A., 1980):
“From your story it follows that the world has become dangerous for you since childhood, when your mother was afraid to let you leave the house alone. Such fear is not surprising for a three-year-old child, but over the years, self-confidence and risk-taking increases. The only abnormality of your fear is its duration.”
This interpretation does not relieve the neurotic symptom, but it reduces anxiety, transforming the symptom from an incomprehensible obstacle into a clearly established problem that can be solved.
Interpretation should be carried out taking into account the stage of the consultative process. This technique is of little use at the beginning of counseling, when it is expected to achieve trusting relationships with clients, but later it is very useful for revealing the psychodynamics of problems.
The effectiveness of interpretation largely depends on its depth and time. A good interpretation usually doesn't go too deep. It must connect to what the client already knows. The effectiveness of the interpretation is also determined by the timeliness and the client’s willingness to accept it. No matter how wise and accurate the interpretation may be, if it is presented at the wrong time, the effect will be zero, since the client will not be able to understand the consultant's explanations.
The effectiveness of interpretation also depends on the client’s personality. According to S. Spiegel and C
Hill (1989), clients with high levels of self-esteem and education are more sensitive to interpretations and even in case of disagreement take them into account
The consultant must be able to understand clients' reactions to the essence of interpretations. The client's emotional indifference should force the consultant to think about the consistency of the interpretation with reality. However, if the client reacted with hostility and immediately rejected the interpretation as implausible, there is reason to assume that the interpretation has touched the root of the problem.
Types of conversation
Types of conversation in psychology are divided into the following:
- individual;
- group - several subjects take part in the conversation;
- structured or formalized;
- standardized - increases the ease of processing information, but reduces the degree of cognition: incomplete information is possible;
- non-standardized - it goes at ease, prepared questions are posed according to the circumstances of the conversation, which increases the complexity of data processing;
- organizational: according to the method of implementation - at the place of work, residence, in the psychologist’s office.
On the initiative, the following types of conversation are distinguished:
- controlled - occurs on the initiative of a psychologist who supports the topic of conversation. The disproportionality of the initiative can create closedness of the respondent, simplification of answers to monosyllabic ones;
- uncontrollable - arises on the initiative of the defendant and can take the form of confession, and the psychologist collects the necessary information for the intended purposes, using the ability to listen.
The concept of conversation as a research method
A conversation is a question-and-answer psychological method of communication between a researcher and a subject in free form on a specific topic.
During the conversation, the specialist observes the verbal (words) and non-verbal (gestures, postures, tone and timbre of voice, facial expressions) manifestations of the ward, then draws conclusions based on observational data. The conversation takes place in a calm, comfortable environment, confidentially, and is not recorded or recorded. The specialist most often makes certain notes in a notebook so as not to miss important details for subsequent analysis of the study.
This type of research can be either individual or group, with a pre-prepared list of questions, or a specialist receives information during casual communication on a given topic. It can also be controlled (at the initiative of the researcher, but the respondent may be reluctant to conduct a dialogue, giving monosyllabic answers) or uncontrollable (at the initiative of the subject), which is a more informative way, since the ward himself talks, and the psychologist only observes and writes down.
The conversation takes place in several stages:
The first stage is creating an atmosphere that accompanies the subject’s mood
It is worth mentioning the importance of his participation, the purpose of the conversation and mentioning confidentiality.
The second stage is the identification of questions that invite free expression.
The third stage is a detailed study of problems, using a transition from general questions to more specific ones. The climax of the conversation, the most complete information.
The fourth and final stage is relaxation of tension, gratitude for participation.
Disadvantages of conversation as a research method
- A high level of professionalism of a psychologist is required to conduct an effective study (excellent knowledge of all stages of this method, the ability to find an individual approach, and the ability to communicate).
- This method is time-consuming, which is of great importance for mass surveys.
- If the researcher is insufficiently professional, there is a possibility of incorrect questions, as well as a violation of objectivity, which negatively affects the effectiveness of the conversation, or it may be completely interrupted.
- Insufficient ability of a specialist to build verbal communication. Under this condition, the conversation turns into an interrogation and the possibility of effective interaction with the interlocutor is significantly reduced.
- During group interviews, some people (for example, introverts, people with psychological problems) feel uncomfortable because there is no confidentiality.
In any case, the effectiveness of the research directly depends on the level of professionalism of the psychologist.
Bibliography
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5. Borozdina G.V. Psychology of business communication: Textbook. - M.: INFRA-M, 2005 - 295 p.
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